Kontaktieren Sie uns für eine persönliche Beratung:

Tel.: +49 30 9560 5559
E-Mail: info@orient-academy.net

Nach Anfrage schicken wir Ihnen ein passendes Angebot zu.

Assessing China's Political System and New Leadership

David Shambaugh von der George Washington University skizziert die politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation in China, einem der bedeutendsten Schwellenländer.BeschreibungDer anerkannte China-Experte erläutert, mit welchen Veränderungen mit der aktuellen politischen Führungsriege in China zu rechnen ist und gibt dabei auch Anregungen, wie westliche Demokratien sich dem System des „autokratischen Kapitalismus“ gegenüber verhalten sollten.
                        
zum Paper

Was ist die Chinesische Sprache?

Die chinesische Sprache Mandarin ist die meistgesprochene Sprache der Welt. Allerdings werden in China auch andere Sprachen verwendet, darunter Wu, Hunanese, Jiangxinese, Hakka, Yue (einschließlich Kantonesisch - Taishanese ), Ping, Shaojiang und Min. Diese chinesischen Sprachen werden oft als Dialekte eingestuft, obwohl die gegenseitig unverständlich sind und deswegen als selbständige Sprachen bezeichnet werden könnten. Auf der anderen Seite beuten die gemeinsame Schrift (chinesische Schriftzeichen) und der gemeinsame kulturelle Hintergrund darauf, dass Wu, Yue und andere Sprachen Dialekte der offiziellen chinesischen Sprache, Mandarin, sind. Interessant ist aber, dass Mandarin selbst in die Dialekte in verschiedenen Regionen Chinas gebrochen wird. Jede Region hat ihren eigenen besonderen Stil der Mandarin, darunter Variationen in der Aussprache und Grammatik. Standard-Mandarin, die offizielle chinesische Sprache, basiert auf dem Peking-Dialekt.

Töne in der chinesischen Sprache
Fast alle chinesischen Sprachen haben ein tonales System, das verwendet wird, um Homonyme zu unterscheiden. Mandarin-Chinesisch hat vier Töne, während die anderen chinesischen Sprachen mehr Töne haben, z.B. Yue (Kantonesisch) hat neun Töne.

Geschriebene chinesische Sprache
Die chinesischen Schriftzeichen sind mehr als zweitausend Jahre alt. Die frühen Formen der chinesischen Zeichen waren Piktogramme (grafische Darstellungen von realen Objekten), später wurden die mehr zu den stilisierten Zeichen.

Jedes chinesische Schriftzeichen stellt eine Silbe der gesprochenen Sprache dar. Zeichen repräsentieren Wörter und Bedeutungen, aber nicht jedes Zeichen kann unabhängig von der anderen verwendet werden.

In einem Versuch,  Lese- uns Schreibfähigkeit zu verbessern, begann die chinesische Regierung in den 1950er Jahren die Zeichen zu vereinfachen. Diese vereinfachten Zeichen werden in der Volksrepublik China, Singapur und Malaysia verwendet, während Taiwan und Hong Kong immer noch die traditionellen Zeichen benutzen.

Chinese Business Culture
by Theresa Gao

The Chinese Business Culture is very different from that in the West, and it is essential to learn about China and understand its culture before attempting to do business in China. Theresa Gao explains                                                                        

When my friend John first arrived to Beijing from London five years ago, he was frustrated with his Chinese business partners who are always slow to respond, lag behind with their work, and seem like they are waiting for a yes or no response from him. John was also confused about their working methods: they seldom provide suggestions; They do as they are told. John obviously was unfamiliar with the Chinese Business Culture.
In fact, I was confused myself about the differences between the Chinese Business Culture and the Western one, until I joined a Chinese state-owned enterprise four years ago. It was interesting to see many mid-level managers arrive at the office earlier than the staff, because they needed to think about task allocation for their subordinates. Numerous were the times that employees were asking for feedback, for instructions or for an “OK” from their managers to continue with regular, everyday assignments.
You might be wondering, to do as one is told shouldn’t be too hard, right? Theoretically, it shouldn’t. The truth is, though, that managers in China have a lot more to deal with other than to give instructions and to “OK” the work of their subordinates. They have to attend meetings and meals that last hours; Events with their direct supervisors are important in particular, because mid-level managers need to please their bosses in order to gain more trust and support in the company and in order to receive a bigger chance for promotion.
Golden Rule to Understand the Chinese Business Culture Foreigners must understand that in order to survive in a Chinese business environment, Chinese employees need to establish a good relationship with their direct supervisors. They must be obedient, and they are not allowed to make a single decision on their own; Many are the times that employees are promoted not based on their abilities and skills but based on their obedience and loyalty to their supervisor: That is why doing business with the RIGHT individual is crucial for achieving success.
Han, a 44-year-old manager in my company, agrees with my views: “I have been an expatriate in the United States for about nine years, and every country is different. We Chinese say 入乡随俗 (Rù xiāng suí sú: When in Rome, act like a Roman). It’s just the way things are here.” Keep the golden rule in mind: Obedience and loyalty. No one likes a challenging subordinate.
Obedience and loyalty are important in the Chinese Business Culture, and they are represented in the concept of “face”. (面子- Miàn zi). “Face” means that one must respect the Chinese partner by expressing more gratitude, by avoiding straightforward disagreement in public, and by asking for his/her ideas. It is also very important to join the partner for leisure activities such as Karaoke!
Since China is a familial society (based on relationships), many people are influenced by what other people think of them, and this effects their self confidence. People are accustomed to being judged by their parents, by their teachers and later by their bosses and spouses. They rely on the opinion of others to make themselves feel good. That is the reason why “saving face” – acting properly in front of other people, is my number one tip for understanding the Chinese business culture.

The importance of Alcohol in the Chinese Business Culture

It seems that in China, investment, M&A and JV proposals are often discussed over luxurious dinner settings; Agreement signing ceremonies are always followed by consuming alcoholic beverages. Some might mistake and think that Chinese people are strange, because some only choose to work with business partners who can drink a lot. According to Han, they have their own reasons: “A famous joke says 酒品决定人品 (Jiǔ pǐn jué dìng rén pǐn): The way one is, is the way one drinks. It is true to a large extent.”

As many Chinese businesses are in fact managed by individual decision-makers rather than by procedures, choosing the right person with whom to do business is more important than choosing a company that has a good-looking balance sheet. This brings me to my number two tip for foreigners: Eat well before you meet your Chinese partners. Try to raise a toast with each individual over dinner, and drink as much as you can. Do not hesitate, because what you are drinking is not alcohol but rather the trust of your future partner.